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Home > Herbs A - Z > MultiVitamins ( Multi Vitamin )
Home > Herbs A-Z > MultiVitamins ( Multi Vitamin )
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Multi-Vitamins & Minerals
Multivitamins & Minerals contain a variable number of essential and/or non-essential nutrients. Their primary purpose is to provide a convenient way to take a variety of supplemental nutrients from a single product.
What do Multi-Vitamins & Minerals do?
Multiple vitamin-mineral (MVM) supplements contain a variable number of essential and/or non-essential nutrients. Their primary purpose is to provide a convenient way to take a variety of supplemental nutrients from a single product, in order to prevent vitamin or mineral deficiencies, as well as to achieve higher intakes of nutrients believed to be of benefit above typical dietary levels.
Many Multivitamins & Minerals contain at least 100% of the Daily Value (DV) or the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (USRDA) of all vitamins that have been assigned these recommended values. Mineral levels may be lower, or in the case of high potency Multivitamins & Minerals, most or all mineral levels may also be at 100% of DV or USRDA. Micronutrients that should be included in a complete MVM are vitamin A, vitamin B-complex (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and/or niacinamide, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, and biotin), vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K, and the minerals calcium, magnesium, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and possibly iron. Phosphorus is another essential dietary mineral, but it is so abundant in the human diet that deficiencies are virtually unknown, and it does not need to be included in an MVM formula.
Potassium is an unusual case, as adequate amounts of potassium cannot, by law, be sold in nonprescription products. Thus potassium, when included in an MVM formula, represents only a trivial amount. Multivitamins & Minerals may contain iron, but these should be taken only by people who have been diagnosed as having, or being at high risk of, iron deficiency, or who have a history of frequent iron deficiencies.
Some nutrients may be beneficial at levels above what is possible to obtain from diet alone, and an MVM formula can provide these levels as well. Nutrients that may be useful to most people in larger amounts include vitamin C, folic acid, and calcium. Vitamin E has long been thought to protect against heart disease beginning at 100 IU per day, but a recent study has suggested that amounts of vitamin E available in MVM formulas may not be effective (see Atherosclerosis). Large amounts of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, and pantothenic acid are often included in MVM formulas. Some people claim to experience improvements in mood, energy, and/or overall well-being when taking higher-than-RDA amounts of B vitamins. However, there is little scientific research to support those observations.
The common inclusion of the non-essential nutrient beta-carotene in Multivitamins & Minerals remains speculative. The synthetic beta-carotene found in most Multivitamins & Minerals clearly does not prevent cancer and may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers. Therefore, the inclusion of synthetic beta-carotene in MVM formulas is of questionable value, and it should be avoided by smokers. This concern is validated by the results of a large study which found that male smokers who use multivitamins had a higher death rate from cancer than male smokers who did not use a multivitamin, presumably due to the synthetic beta-carotene content. On the other hand, because beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A without causing vitamin A toxicity, some manufacturers use beta-carotene as a source of vitamin A. However, natural beta-carotene and several other carotenoids may be helpful in preventing certain diseases, including some cancers. Increasingly, natural beta-carotene and several other carotenoids are found in higher quality Multivitamins & Minerals.
Another class of non-essential nutrients is the flavonoids, which have antioxidant and other properties and have been reported by some, though not all, researchers to be linked with a reduced risk of heart disease. MVM supplements also frequently include other nutrients of uncertain benefit in the small amounts supplied, such as choline, inositol, and various amino acids.
Preliminary and double-blind trials have shown that women who use an MVM containing folic acid beginning three months before becoming pregnant and continuing through the first three months of pregnancy, have a significantly lower risk of having babies with neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida) and other congenital defects.
In one double-blind trial, schoolchildren received, for three months, a daily low-dose vitamin-mineral tablet containing 50% of the USRDA for most essential vitamins and the minerals, iron, zinc, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and copper. The subjects were “working class,?primarily Hispanic, children, aged 6 to 12 years. Dramatic gains in certain measures of IQ were observed in about 20% of the supplemented children. These gains may have been due to the correction of specific nutrient deficiencies (for example, iron) found in these children. However, it was not possible in this study to identify which nutrients caused the increases in IQ.
Use of a multivitamin has been associated with reduced death rates from cardiovascular disease.
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